Falcon Heavy

Aim: I want to find out how the Space X Falcon Heavy boosters landed themselves

Research: It turns out the boosters were two Falcon 9 first stages. Falcon 9 was the test vehicle for the SpaceX Reusable Launch System Development Program. This is a program created by SpaceX to develop a rocket capable of launching over and over while also landing itself. This takes time and money to build. The research has been immense. The rocket cost over $90,000,000 USD to build. And it hasn't been entirely successful. The Falcon Heavy's side boosters landed perfectly, The main engine, not so much. The rocket failed to land safely and it was back to the drawing board


Falcon heavy booster landings

What Happens To Food

Ingestion

•  When you put food in your mouth
• Chewing food is called mastication
• The Salivary Glands releases saliva into the mouth to lubricate and then you swallow and it goes down your oesophagus

JOHN KEY!!

• The food is 'pushed' down the oesophagus to the stomach by waves of muscle contractions. This process is called Peristalsis

Peristalsis

Digestion - The Stomach

• The Stomach Can Hold 2 - 4 litres of fluid and is able to expand and take more food to protect us from scavengers
• The Stomach holds very dangerous acids and can hurt you if you throw up too much
• The pH of the acids are around 1 - 2

Digestion - The Small Intestine

• The pH in the small intestine is usually 7 - 9
• The walls are lined with small finger-like projections called villi which increase the surface area of the small intestine
• These villi are covered in microvilli which again increase the surface area of the small intestine
• With a larger surface area, the food nutrients can be absorbed quicker

*Stomach Noise intensifies*

Digestion - The Liver

• The liver is the second largest organ in the human body after the skin
• After they are digested, the nutrients are absorbed and transported to the liver via the Hepatic Portal Vein
• The liver creates bile which is then stored in the gall bladder

Absorption

Egestion

The animal kingdom

Fish...

• Live in water
• Breathe with gills
• Moist skin
• Most Lay Eggs
• Cartilage or Bony Skeleton
• Cold Blooded

Examples: Snapper, Humphead Maori Wrasse, Salmon

Amphibians...

• Moist Skin
• Lay their eggs in water
• Larvae breathe with gills
• Adults breathe with lungs
• Adults live on land
• Cold Blooded

Examples: Turtle Frog, Poison Dart Frog, Green Tree Frog

Reptiles...

• Dry, scaly skin
• Lay Eggs
• Breathe with lungs
• Cold Blooded

Examples: Anaconda, Alligator Snapping Turtle, Saltwater Crocodile, Tuatara

Birds...

• Covered in feathers
• Lays eggs with hard shells
• Most have wings
• Warm Blooded
• Breathe with lungs

Examples: Owls, Flamingos, Geese, Fantails

Mammals...

• Body covered in hair or fur
• Feed young with milk
• Warm Blooded
• Breathe using lungs

Examples: Humans, Cats, Doggos, Hares


True Worms...

• Body is tubular and/or made up of segments
• Tube-like digestive system

Examples: Earth Worms, Bootlace Worm

Flatworms...

• Breathe through their skin
• Unsegmented body

Examples: Tapeworm, Fluke

Sponges...

• Take in water through pores in their bodies from which they 

The Behaviour of matter: Diffusion

Aim: To observe diffusion in a liquid.

Equipment: Beaker, water, a plastic straw, a crystal of potassium permanganate.

Method:

1. Half fill your Beaker with cold tap water.
2. Place the petri dish on your workbench and allow the water to become settled.
3. Using the plastic straw, put your finger over the straw and put in water. Remove finger and place a single crystal of potassium permanganate in the centre of the Beaker.
4. Observe for 5 minutes.
5. Repeat the experiment using hot water.

Discussion: In cold water, the crystal diffused in a rapid motion and went everywhere in the water.

In hot water, the crystal diffused mostly around the bottom of the beaker

Investigating State Changes

Aim: To observe water as it changes state from solid to liquid and then to a gas

Equipment: A 250 mL, thermometer, Bunsen Burner, Heatproof mat, tripod and gauze mat, stopwatch, Retort stand and clamp, Ice Cubes

Method
Set up the retort stand and clamp alongside the tripod and gauze mat.

1: Collect enough ice so that your beaker is half full and place the thermometer into it while you set up the rest of the equipment.
2: Set up the retort stand and clamp alongside the tripod and gauze mat.
3: Place the beaker of ice on the gauze mat and gently clamp the thermometer so that it is held upright and the scale is easy to use. the bottom of your thermometer should be low enough to still be covered by water when the ice melts, but not touching the bottom of the beaker.
4: Record the initial temperature of the ice in the data table below.
5: Light the bunsen burner and start timing with the stopwatch.
6: Measure and record the temperature every minute.
7: Continue measuring and recording the temperature until the water has been boiling for 2-3 minutes.
Minutes             Temperature

0	0
1	0
2	25
3	39
4	47
5	56
6	69
7	74
8	82
9	90

Separating Mixtures

Aim:
To separate a solution from a precipitate ( a precipitate is a name for a solid that forms in a liquid during a chemical reaction)

Equipment:

• Lead Nitrate
• Potassium Iodide
• Conical flask
• String rod
• 250mL beaker
• Funnel
• Filter Paper

Method:

1. Pour 10mL of lead into the mini measuring cylinder and then pour it into the beaker.
2. Rinse out the measuring cylinder and then do the same thing with the potassium chemical. and see the magic happen. 
3. Filter paper and fold it in half and then again then unfold it once and place it in the slot of the funnel and place the funnel on top of the conical flask.
4. Pour your chemicals that in your funnel and let it drain out and you will see what it comes out.
5. Now look at the filter paper now (it's cool looking right)

Here are some photo's (with numbers) from the experiment that I got from my Science teacher

(2)
(1-2 *step 4*)
(2-2 *step 4*)
(5)

Discussion:
When I mixed the chemicals together they made a cloudy yellow colour (a little bit like paint) form but, when I drained it, it turned into a clear chemical.
The stuff that was left behind was residue.
I have no idea why it did that.

Chromatogrophy

Chromatography is greek for Colour Picture

Aim: To sperate different pigments in inks or dye using paper Chromatography

Equipment: Filter Paper, Felt Pens x2, 250 mL, Mr Stock's Chromatography solvent

Method: Method:

1. Cut a strip of filter paper.
2. Rule a line about 2cm from the bottom (a straight line) or do your finger width.
3. Grab your felt pen and do a dark circle until you feel like you nearly just coloured the paper.
4. Fill your beaker up to 1cm
5. Dip your paper in slowly and when it hits the line just leave it there. ( Tape the bit you are up to.)
6. And then see the magic happen.

Observations:

When I dipped the paper in I saw what happened to it. It slowly moved the felt up or kept the felt dot in one place and the rest went up.

It depends on what colour you are doing for e.g my colours were orange and green.  As you can see by the picture the green separated into a lighter green and blue and climbed the paper whereas the orange didn't separate but still climbed the paper 

Growing Crystals

Aim:
I want to find out how to make crystals form in a supersaturated solution

Equipment:

• A supersaturated solution of Sodium Acetate
• A seed crystal of sodium acetate
• Busen burner
• Heating Mat
• Boiling tube
• Scissor Tongs
• Funnel
• Filter paper
• Small beaker

Method:

1. Filter the super-saturated on the funnel.
2. Place you fennel (with the filtered paper on top) on top of your Boiling tube.
3. Pour your liquid into the funnel and you should see a crystal form.
4. When it's done remove the funnel and see if it has little crystal in it. (Plus if you smell it, It smells like salt and vinegar. Don't waste it we need that at the end)
5. Grab your Boiling tube and your Busen burner, pop on your safety glasses plus the scissor tongs because you are going to heat it over the Bunsen burner (remember to have the heating mat under it.)

6. Grab your scissor tongs and place it like your holding it.
7. Put in a 45-degree angle, point it at the wall.
8. When your heat your tube remember to take it on and off the flame because you will burn your hands.
9. When it is all melted grab your small beaker fill it with cold water and place your boiling tube (with the liquid in it) in that water to cool off for 5 minutes
10. *Fun part*. Once it is cooled off grab a little tiny crystal on pop it in the boiling tube and see the magic.

Discussion:
When I heated the crystal it melted.
When I cooled it and popped a crystal in it, It formed into the crystal form in the start.
I think why it did that is because the crystal liquid in there didn't form with each other because there was nothing really to form But the raw crystal was poped in it reacted because the crystal liquid wasn't used to that raw crystal.

Making a Dilution Series

Aim: to make a dilution series to investigate concentration

Equipment: Test Tube Rack, Test Tubes, 10mL measuring cylinder, a plastic transfer pipette, a potassium permanganate.

Method:

1. Fill measuring cylinder with 10mL of water
2. Add 10mL of water to a test tube
3. Add 5mL of water to 5 more tests tubes.
4. Add a small spatulaful of Potassium Permanganate to the first 10mL test tube of water
5. Add 5mL of the dark purple Potassium Permanganate into the second test tube.
6. Add 5mL of the second tube into the third test tube.
7.  Add 5mL of the third test tube into the fourth test tube. 
8. Add 5mL of the fourth test tube into the fifth test tube.
9. Add 5mL of the fifth test tube into the sixth test tube.

Results:

Discussion:

The first test tube went a dark purple colour.

As we poured 5mL from each test tube into the next test tube, the colour lightened each time.